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On this page, I have a list of words and sayings that are used in Islam and their definitions.  This dictionary is a compilation of three works, one by the The MSA Homepage at UH a second by Muttaqun OnLine Islamic Dictionary and the third is at Welcome to Fatwa-Online.  It you don't see a term listed, check one of the sites listed and they may have it or e-mail me and I will be happy to look it up and add it.

Common Invocations

A

B

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D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

 A

Aakhirah the hereafter.
`Aalim (pl. Ulammaa) learned religious scholar
Aameen literally means "Oh, Allah! accept our invocations.
`Aahooraa the 10th day of Muhrram (the first month of the Islamic calendar.
`Abd a male slave/servant.
Abrar Pious and righteous.
Adaalah justice, uprightness of character.
Adhan the call to prayer pronounced loudly to indicate that the time of prayer has entered.
`Adl justice, uprightness of character
`Adn Paradise
Ahad solitary Hadith, report by a single person or by odd individuals.
Ahkam "Orders.  According to Islamic law, there are five kinds of orders:
  1. Compulsory (Wajib)
  2. Order without Obligation (Mustahab)
  3. Forbidden (Muharram)
  4. Disliked but not forbidden (Makruh)
  5. Legal and allowed (Halal)
Ahul-Kittab (People of the Book) term used collectively to refer to the Jews and Christians, to whom the Tawrat (Torah) and the Injeel (Bible) were revealed respectively.
`Alamin Mankind, jinns and all that exists
Al-Kabaa.ir the major sins.
Allah the Creator of the Universe.  Allah (subhannahu wa ta'aala) is singular and is not human nor part of a Trinity as in Christianity.
Allahu Akbar literally means "Allah is the Greatest"
Allahul-Musta'aan literally means "Allah's assistance is sought
Al-Hamdu-lillaah literally means "All Praise be to Allah"
Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa the masjid in Al-Quds (Jerusalem), which is the holiest masjid in Islam.
Al-Masjid An-Nabawee the Prophet's masjid in Madinah, which is the second holiest masjid in Islam
Al-Masjid Al-Haram the grand masjid in Mecca, which is the holiest masjid in Islam
`Amah female slave/servant
`Amal act, practice, precedent
Amr (pl. Awaamir, Umoor) command, matter, affair
A' oothu Billaahe min-ash-Shaytaanir Rajeem literally means "I beseech Allah in seeking refuge from Shaitan the outcast"
`Aqeedah creed, belief, way of thinking
`Aqeeqah the sacrificing of two sheep for a boy or one sheep for a girl on the occasion of their birth, as a token of gratitude to Allah for his favors
Aql intellect, rationality, reason
Arafah (pl Arafaat) the open plains south-east of Makkah where the pilgrims gather on the 9th day of Dhul Hijjah as per the rites of the Hajj
Asl (pl. Usool) root, origin, source
Assalamu `Alaikum literally mean "peace be unto you"  It is the expression used by Muslims to greet each other
`Asr, Salat al- late afternoon prayer. The third of the  five obligatory daily prayers
Astaghfi-rullaah literally means "I seek forgiveness from Allah"
Athar (pl. Aathaar) deeds and precedents of the Companions of the Prophet (sal-Allahu alayhe wa sallam)
Auliya Friends, protectors, helpers, etc.
Awrah This is a reference to the portions of a person's body that are to be covered and covered properly.
`Aya (pl. Ayaat) a section of the Qur'anic text often referred to as a verse.  It is also the smallest unit of revelation

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B

Batille Falsehood
Baqee' the graveyard of the people of Madinah, close to the Prophet's Masjid.  A number of the Prophet's (PBUH) wives and daughters are buried there, including many thousands of his companions.
Bida'ah an innovation in the religion of Islam.  This is to be detested and rejected See page on Bida'ah
Bismilahir-Rahmanir-Raheem literally means "In the name of Allah Most Gracious, the Most Merciful"

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D

Dajjaal great liar or deceiver,  The one-eyed beast popularly known as the Anti-Christ
Daleel (pl. Adillaah) proof, indication, evidence
Da'wah missionary work to invite all people to worship Allah as one without associating any partners with Him, in short - Islam
Dawat-us-salfiayyah literally means call of the past, those who preceded us.  this is the spreading of Islam in accordance with Qur'an and Sunnah, recognizing the understanding of the  pious Salaf in this matter as being superior (more accurate) than modern ideas and inventions, with an intention to avoid innovation in ibaddah (worship)
Deen way of life, religion
Dhu Mahram A male whom a woman can never marry because of close relationship (i.e. brother, father, uncle, etc.) or her own husband 
Dhuhr, Salat al- mid-day prayer.  The second of the five obligatory daily prayers.
Dhul-Hijjah twelfth month of the Islamic Hijrah year
Dhul-Qi'dah eleventh month of the Islamic Hijrah year
Diyah (pl. Diyaat) blood money (for wounds, killing etc.) compensation paid by the killer to the relatives of the victim
Du'a supplication and invocation to Allah (swt)
Dunya this world or life as opposed to the Hereafter

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E

Eid al-Adha and Eid al-Fitr These are the two Islamic festivals.  Eid al-Fitr occurs at the end of the month of Ramadan (fasting) and Eid al-Adha occurs at the end of the Hajj (pilgrimage)

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F

Fajarah wicked evil doers
Fajr, Salat al- pre-dawn prayer.  The first of the five obligatory daily prayers.
Faqeeh (pl. Fuqaha) jurist, one who is learned in fiqh
Faraa.id fixed share prescribed for distribution of the wealth of the deceased amongst the relatives
Fardh obligatory, obligation (i.e. the five daily prayers are considered fardh)
Fardh'ayn personal obligation
Fardh kaifayah collective obligation
Fasiqun rebellious, the disobedient to Allah (swt)
Fatwa (pl Fatawa) legal ruling based upon the Qur'an and the Sunnah, passed by a Scholar in response to a question.
Fiqh literally means the true understanding of what is intended.  See page on Fiqh
Fitnah Polytheism and to disbelieve after one has believed in Allah, or a trial or a calamity, affliction or to set up rivals in worship with Allah, etc.

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G

Ghaib unseen
Ghusl the complete ritual washing of the body.  It is required, for example, after sexual intercourse or after a woman has completed her menses.

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H

Hadath Akbar the major impurity, i.e. after sexual relations, or fluid discharge
Hadath Asghar them minor impurity, i.e. passing wind, urine or stools
Hadd (pl. Hudood) limit, prescribed penalty
Hadith literally means "sayings" and could refer to the recorded quotes of anyone.  Usually, it is the title given to the collection of recorded words, actions and tacit approvals of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) which serve as an explanation of the meaning of the Noble Qur'an.
Hajj the "major pilgrimage".  The once in a lifetime obligation (only if one possesses the means) to pilgrimage to Makkah, made up of specified rites performed between the 8th to the 13th day of Dhul-Hijjah (eleventh month of the Islamic year).  It is one of the five pillars of Islam.
Halal permissible, lawful in Islam
Haram that which is unlawful/forbidden in Islam
Hasan an acceptable Hadith although it does not reach the level of authenticity of a Sahih Hadith.  It is still considered an authority in Islamic Law
Hayaa 'modesty', 'self respect', 'bashfulness', 'honor', etc.  It is of two kinds: good Hayaa - is to be ashamed t commit a sin which Allah (swt) and His Messenger (PBUH) have forbidden:  Bad Hayaa - is to be ashamed to do that which Allah (swt) and His Messenger (PBUH) have ordered.
Hijab a reference to the proper dress of a Muslim woman which covers her completely.
Hijamah cupping.
Hijrah means migration, the Prophet Muhammad Muhammad (PBUH) migration from Makkah to Medinah, signifying the beginning of the Islamic calendar.
Hukum (pl. Ahkaam) law, value or ruling of Shariah

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I

Iblis a jinn and Shaitan (Satan)
Iddah the woman's waiting period following dissolution of marriage either by death ( of her husband) or divorce.
Ifadha, Tawarf al- the circumbulation of the Ka'bah which is performed on the 10th day of Dhul-Hijah.  It is one of the pillars or essential acts of the Hajj
Iftar breaking the fast
Ihram the inviolable state of either Hajj or Umrah.  In this state one is not allowed to perform certain acts that on another occasions are permissible 
Ijmaa' consensus of opinion
Ijthaad the effort a jurist makes in order to deduce the law, which is not self-evident, from its sources
Ikhtilaf jurist disagreement
Ilah deity, lord, god
Imam a religious scholar or one who leads the congregational prayers.
Inshallah literally means "If Allah wills"
Iqamah a call indication the prayer is about to begin
Iqamat-as-Salat Offer prayers perfectly
`Isha, Salat al- night prayer. The fifth of the obligatory five daily prayers.
Islam literally means "Total submission to the Will of Allah" In this context, Islam is the only religion recognized by Allah.  Its message (There is none truly worthy of worship except Allah) was the same Message delivered by all Prophets.  This divine religion was completed with revelations in the form of the Nobel Qur'an given to the last Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
Istawa rose over - very important to understand in context of the ayat
Istihadah This is the prolonged or continuous flow of blood.  A flow of blood outside of the normal length of the monthly menses.  See
Istikharah, Salat al- When a person has a choice between doing a particular (permissible) act, he asks Allah (swt) to guide him to that act if it is better for him, and to take him away from that act if it is not good for him.  This is done by performing two rak'ahs of voluntary prayer and then making a special supplication afterwards.
Istisqa, Salat al- the prayer invoking Allah (swt) for rain.  It is followed by the Khutbah
I'tikaaf seclusion in a Masjid for the purpose of worshipping Allah only.  commonly practiced during the last ten days of Ramadan.

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J

Jahannam hell
Jahiliyyah extreme ignorance (jahl) and disbelief.  Often used to describe the era that preceded the revelation of the Qur'an
Jama'ah (pl. Jama'aat) congregation, group, party
Jannabah the major state of impurity, after having had sexual relations or sexual discharge through whatever means. In this state ghusl is obligatory.  If unable to do so tayammum will suffice.
Jannah paradise
Jazaa-Kallallahu Khair literally means, "May Allah reward you with good".
Jihad to strive hard, or to fight to defend one's life, property, freedom and religion.  It can also refer to an attempt to free other people from oppression and tyranny.  Importantly, Islam strongly opposes kidnapping, terrorism, or hijacking against civilian targets, even at the time of war.
Jilbab This is the outer cloak that woman are commanded to wear in Surah al-Ahzab.  It covers the woman's entire body from her head to her feet.
Jinn living beings created from fire.  They can observe humans and all that is around them, however the humans cannot see them.  It is both the Jinn and the mankind to whom Muhammad (PBUH) was sent as the final Messenger.
Jizyah head tax imposed on all non-Muslims living under the protection of an Islamic government.
Jumada al-Oolaa fifth month of the Islamic Hijrah year
Jumada ath-Thaniyah / al-Akhirah sixth month of the Islamic Hijrah year
Jumhoor dominant majority
Juma'ah Salat al- the Friday prayer performed in juma'ah after the khutbah.  This is in place of the Salat az-Zuhr
Junub  a person in a state of janabah

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K

Ka'ba the cubed looking structure in Makkah toward which all Muslims turn in prayer.  this is the first house of worship built by Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) and his son Prophet Ishmael (`alayhima as-salam) to glorify Allah
Kafir (pl. Kuffar, Kafiroon) literally means "one who covers up the truth".  It is used to refer to someone who is made aware of the message of Islam but refuses to worship Allah (SWT).  Commonly known as a disbeliever
Kaffarah (pl. Kaffaraat) penance, expiation.
Kalam speech, often used as abbreviation for `ilmul-kalam' which is theology and
Karahah abhorrence, abomination
Khabar (pl. Akhbar) news, report.  Also used as a synonym for Hadith
Khabith evil
Khas specific, a word or a text which conveys a specific meaning
Khalifah the religious and political leader of the Islamic state.
Khilafah the Islamic state.
Khusoof, Salat al- the two rak'ah prayer performed on the occasion of the lunar eclipse
Khutbah a public sermon
Kufr disbelief
Kunyah nickname, commonly practiced amongst the Arabs by calling a male Abu, i.e. father (of so and so); and a female Umm, i.e. mother (of so and so).  So for example Abu Abdullah means father of Abdullah and likewise Umm Abdullah would mean mother of Abdullah
Kuwwirat wound around and lost its light and is overthrown

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L

La ilaha ill-Allah literally means, "There is none truly worthy of worship except Allah
Labbayk Allahhuma Labbayk literally means, "Oh Allah! I respond to Your Call"
Laghw dirty, false, evil vain talk
Laylatul-Qadar one of the odd last ten nights of the month of Ramadan for which Allah prescribed the reward for acts of worship being better/equivalent to 1,000 months (83 years and 4 months)

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M

Ma Sha-Allah literally means, "Whatever Allah wishes", indicating a  good omen.
Madhab Muthab Way, school of thought, direction, manner, mode.  A Muslim should not follow a madhab when it contradicts clear proof in Qur'an and Sunnah.
Madinah the Holy city located in Saudi Arabia, which was the first political center of Islam.  The Prophet Muhammad's (PBUH) grave and Masjid are located in this city.
Maghrib, Salat al- after sunset prayer.  The fourth of the obligatory five daily prayers.
Mahr bridal-money given by the husband to the wife at the time of marriage.  It is from the rights of the wife.  It strictly becomes the property of the wife to use as she wishes.
Mahram A male, whom a woman can never marry because of close relationship ( i.e. a brother, a father, an uncle etc.); or her own husband.  It is allowed for a woman to be alone with such men, travel with them and so on.  It can be used in reference to a man's wife and all the women relatives within the prohibited degrees, such as his mother, sisters and so forth.  he is allowed to be alone with such women, travel with them and so forth
Makkah the Holy city located in Saudi Arabia where the Ka'bah is situated and to where millions of pilgrims come to each year.
Makrooh not approved of , abominable, reprehensible- however not sinful
Mandoob commendable.
Manhaj methodology
Mansookh abrogated, repealed.
Maqaam Ibrahim the stone upon which Ibrahim stood whilst he and his son Ishmael built the Ka'bah
Marwah one of two mounts neighboring to the east of al-Masjid al-Haraam.  It is required to perform the sa'ee between the two mounts seven times, (beginning at Safaa) during Hajj and the `Umrah.
Mashoor well-known, widespread.
Masjid (pl. Masaajid) the Muslim's place of worship
Maula Lord, Helper, Protector, Supporter, Patron
Mawdoo (pl. Mawdooat) fabricated, forged.
Meeqat (pl.  Mawaqeet) refers to a place specified for pilgrims to assume the state of ihraam
Mi'raaj ascension of the Prophet (PBUH)) to the heavens
Miswaak "toothbrush" adapted form the roots of the arak tree
Mu.adhdhin one makes the
Mubaah permissible
Muhammad the last Messenger of Allah to all of mankind and jinn.  He was the last of the Prophets in a line which included such Prophets as Ibrahim (Abraham), Nuh (Noah), Musa (Moses), Isa (Jesus) (`alayhim as-salam).   Now new Prophets or Messengers will ever be sent after him..  Muhammad (PBUH) was a direct descendant of Ibrahim through Ishmael (`alayhimaa as-salam)
Muharram first month of the Islamic Hijrah year.
Muhsin Good-doer, i.e. performs good deeds totally for Allah's sake only without any show off or to gain praise or fame etc., and in accordance with the Sunnah of Allah's Messenger Muhammad.
Mujaahid (pl. Mujaahidoon) one engaged in jihad.
Mukallaf a competent person who is in full possession of his faculties.
Mu. mim  a believer in Allah, His Angels, His (revealed) Books, His Messengers, the Last Day, pre-destination both the good and the bad.
Munafiq a hypocrite from amongst the Muslims whose punishment will be worse than that of a disbeliever in the Hereafter.
Munkar Wrong, evil-doing, sins, polytheism, disbelief, etc.
Musalla a praying place.
Mushirk (pl. Mushrikun) a polytheist, one who associates partners in the worship of Allah
Muslim One who has totally submitted to the Will of Allah.  The name given the followers of Islam.
Musnad (pl. Masaneed) a Hadith with a continuous chain of transmitters.
Mustahadhah reference to the physical condition of a woman.
Mutaffifin Those who give less in measure and weight (decrease the rights of others)
Mu'takif one in a state of i'takaaf
Muttaqun Pious and righteous persons who fear Allah (swt) much (abstain from all kinds of sins and evil deeds which Allah has ordained.)

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N

Nafilah (pl. Nawafil voluntary act of worship
Nasikh the abrogator
Nahee prohibition
Nafs Adam or a person or a soul etc
Najassa Impurity
Naskh abrogation, repeat
Nass (pl. Nusoos) a clear injunction, an explicit textual ruling
Nawafil Additional, optional practice of worship prayers
Nikah marriage contract
Nisab minimum amount of property liable to payment of the zakat

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Q

Qabiluhu Satan's soldiers for the jinns or his tribe
Qadee judge
Qadar divine pre-ordainment
Qiblah the direction to the Ka'bah in Makkah where Muslim turn to in prayer.
Qiraan when a person performs Hajj and 'Umrah at one time, with one intention, and entering the state of Ihram only once.
Qiyaam the standing posture in salat
Qiyaamah the Day of Resurrection, the Day of Judgment.
Qu'ood the sitting posture in salat
Qur'an The final revelation form Allah (swt) to His final Messenger Muhammad (saaws). Refuting any verse of the Noble Qur'an renders a Muslim a disbeliever.

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R

Rabee' al-Awwal third month of the Islamic Hijrah year
Rabee' ath-Thanee / al-Akhir fourth month of the Islamic Hijrah year
Radhi-yallahu 'anhu literally means "May Allah be pleased with him"
Radhi-yallahu 'anha literally means "May Allah be pleased with her"
Radhi-yallahu 'anhuma literally means "May Allah be pleased with them both"
Radhi-yallahu 'anhum literally means "May Allah be pleased with them all"
Rahima-hullah literally means "May Allah have mercy upon him"
Rahima-hallah literally means "May Allah have mercy upon her"
Rahima-humallah literally means "May Allah have mercy upon them both"
Rahima-humullah literally means "May Allah have mercy upon them all"
Rajab seventh month of the Islamic Hijrah year
Rajm the stoning to death of those married persons who commit the crime of illegal sexual intercourse (adultery).
Rak'ah (pl. Raka' at) a "unit" of prayer.  for example, Salat al-Fajr consists of two rak'ahs
Ramadhan ninth month of the Islamic Hijrah year.  The month of fasting.
Ramal walking fast around the Ka' bah during tawaf exaggerating the movement of the limbs to display one's physical strength.  This is specific to men and is to be for the first three circuits only. 
Ramee stoning the pillars in Mina.  This is from the rites of the Hajj
Riba

interest, usury.  It is of two types.

i. Riba Nisse.a  i.e. interest on lent money  

ii.  Riba fadhl, i.e. taking a superior thing of the same kind of goods of inferior quality, e.g. dates of superior quality in greater amount.  Islam strictly forbids all types of usury.

Riwayah (Riwayat) narration,
Rukn (pl. Arkan) pillar, essential
Rukoo the half-prostration posture in salat.

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S

Sa'a a measure of food.  It is approximately equivalent to three kilograms of specific types of foods.  In reality, it is four time what a person can hold when he cups both of his hands together.
Sabab (pl. Asbab) cause, means of obtaining
Sadaqa Deeds of charity done in Allah's (swt) cause
Sa'ee one of the mounts neighboring t the east of Al-Masjid al-Haram.  It is required to perform the sa'ee between the to mounts seven times, ( beginning at Safa) during the Hajj and 'Umrah'.
Safa second month of the Islamic Hijrah year.
Safar eighth month of the Islamic Hijrah year.
Sahabah Companions of the Prophet
Sahih an authentic Hadith, a Hadith of the highest level of authenticity.  It is an authority in Islamic law.
Sahoor the recommended re-dawn meal preceding the fast
Salaf literally means "those (from history) who precede, have gone before".
Salaf as-Salih The people of the past, namely the first three generations of pious Muslims during and after the revelation of the Qur'an, i.e. the Sahabah (companions) of the Prophet, (saaws), the Tabi'een and the Tabi Tabi'een (followers of the followers)
Salafi Means "of the salaf.  The word "salafi" can only be used in association with words that are of things tat are truly from the far past, and in this case (when referring to Islamic matters) are truly from the first three generations of pious Muslims. 
Salafi Muslim There is no such thing as a "salafi Muslim" (Muslim of the Salaf) in today's time. Those who adhere to dawat-us-salafiyyah only describe themselves as a "Muslim"  whose minhaj (methodology/system) is Qur'an and sunnah and madhdhab (way) is that of the salaf.
Sal-Allahu 'alayhe wa sallam May Allah send prayers and salutations upon him.
Salamu-'Alaikum Peace be unto you.  The greeting between Muslims.  Not to be said to a non-Muslim
Salat Prayer
Sawm obligatory abstention from food, drink, sexual intercourse and the like form sunrise to sunset  for the entire month of Ramadhan.  This obligation is removed for the traveler and the sick who are required to make up the days which they miss.  It is one of the five pillars of Islam.
Seerah A biography of the life of the final Messenger Muhammad (saaws)
Shaitan (pl. Shai'ateen) Satan, the devil.
Shariah This is the Islamic Law; in particular, what is stated texts of the Qur'an and Sunnah
Shart (pl. Shuroot) condition
Shawwal tenth month of the Islamic Hijrah year
Sheikh (pl. Shuyookh) correctly referred to as a religious scholar, however, it is also referred to one who is elderly
Shi'ah (Shi'ite) A sect of Muslims whose manhaj differs greatly from the other Muslims
Shirk polytheism, associating partners in the worship of Allah
Shoora consultation
Sirat  literally means "path, way, road", it also refers to the bridge across the Hell-Fire over which people will need to cross to reach Paradise.  It is sharper than the sword and finer than a strand of hair
Subhannahuwa ta'ala Glory be to Him the Almighty
Sufi A  Muslim who has accepted misguidance by dividing into a sect of people who worship graves and saints and claim Divine incarnation
Sujood The full-prostration posture in salat
Sunnah (pl. Sunan) way, mode, manner.  Correctly referred to as the words, actions and tacit approvals of the Prophet Muhammad (saaws) which serve as an explanation of the meaning of the Qur'an.
Sunni

1,  A belief or action that is in accordance with the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad

2.Literally  "of the Sunnah

3.  A Muslim who has blind adherence to a single Imam for all Islamic rulings.  A Muslim who has accepted misguidance by dividing into a sect which prescribes to only one mahdhab of a sole Imam and ignoring the consensus of the salaf when in contradiction to their chosen Imam.

Sutrah an object like a pillar, wall stick, spear etc., the height of which should not be less than a foot and must be in front of a praying person to act as a symbolic barrier.

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T

Tabi'een Those who met the Companions of the Prophet (saaws) and learned from them.
Tafseer The explanation and understanding of the Qur'an of just a verse of the Qur'an 
Taghut Anything worshipped other than Allah, i.e. all the false deities.  It may be shaitan, jinn, idols, stones, sun tars , angels, human beings e.g. Esau (Jesus), Messengers of Allah (swt), sho were falsely worshipped and taken as Taghuts.  Likewise saints, graves, rulers, leaders, etc., are falsely worshiped.
Tahajjud, Salat at- voluntary late-night prayers, performed between Salat al-'Isha and Salat al-Fajr
Tahreem prohibition or rendering something haram.
Takbeer the saying of  "Allahu Akbar"
Takleef liability, obligation
Talaq divorce initiated by the husband
Talbiyyah the saying of "Labbayk Allahumma Labbayk" during Hajj and the 'Umrah
Tammattu' when a person performs the 'Umrah during one of the months of Hajj.  Then he leaves the state of ihraam and re-enters it to begin his Hajj
Taqleed imitation, following the views and opinions of others.
Taqwa Ibn Abi Shaibah reprots in 'Kitab ul Eman' that the tabiee Talq ibn Habeeb was asked to define taqwa, so he sas Taqwa is acting in obedience to Allah, hoping for His Mercy, upon light from Him and taqwa is leaving acts of disobedience to Allah out of fear of Him upon light from Him.
Taraweeh, Salat at- voluntary prayers offered after the Salat al- Isha on the nights of Ramadhan.  These may be performed individually or in Jama'ah.
Tariq Night-comer, i.e. the bright star
Tashahud The recitation of the invocation: (at-tathihhatu lilahe) upto ( wa ash-hadu anna Muhammadan Rasoolullah), while in the qu'rood posture of salat.
Tashree' legislation
Tasleem Whilst in the qu'rood posture, turning the face to the right and reciting (as-Salam 'alaikuum wa Rahmautullahe) and then to the left likewise at the end of the salat.
Tawaf circumambulation of the Ka'bah .
Tawaf al-Ifadah tawaf of the Ka'bah by the pilgrims after they come from Mina on the tenth day of Dhul-Hijjah.  It is one of the pillars or essential acts of the Hajj
Tawaf al-Wada tawaf of the Ka;bah prior to leaving Makkah.  It is preferred this be the last act before leaving Makkah.
Tawatur  continuous recurrence, continuous testimony
Tayammum "minor ritual purification", ablution with clean sand/soil in the absence of water. 
Tayyib All that is good as regards things, deed, belief, persons, foods, etc.

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U

Ummah community of Muslims
Umrah the "minor pilgrimage."  It has less rites than the "major pilgrimage" (Hajj).  In general, it may be performed at any time of the year.

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W

Wajib obligatory, often synonymous with fardh
Wahee divine revelation
Waleemah marriage banquet offered by the husband after the marriage has been
Wali (pl. 'Auliya) Protector, Guardian, supporter, Friend etc. 
Waqf (pl. Awqaf) charitable endowment
Witr odd number of rak'ah's to be performed after Salat al-'Isha and before Salat al-Fajr.
Wudoob obligation, rendering something obligatory
Wudu "minor ritual purification", ablution with clean and pure water, required for the performance of prayers and other such acts.

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Z

Zalimun Polytheist and wrong-doers and unjust
Zakat 2.5% of wealth given yearly; One of the five pillars (i.e. duties) of a Muslim
Zakat al-Fitr obligatory charity given by Muslims before 'Eid al-Fitr prayer.
Zam Zam sacred well located within al-Masjid al-Haram
Zina adultery, fornication

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Common Invocations

Bismillah - In the name of Allah.  What Muslims say before engaging in most anything, especially before reading Qur'an, before eating, when entering a room [before entering toilet area, ask for protection from the male and female jinn], when leaving and entering the house, etc.

Insha'Allah - If Allah wills it, if it is Allah's will, Allah willing, in Allah's timing and choosing

bulletThe Prophet (saaws) said, "Solomon (the son of) David said, 'Tonight I will sleep with seventy ladies each of whom will conceive a child who will be a knight fighting for Allah's cause.'  His companion said, 'If Allah will.'  But Solomon did not say so; therefore none of those women got pregnant except one who gave birth to a half child. [i.e. a gay man  (This is a correction sent to my by a person of knowledge:  The term "half child" is the literal Arabic........referring to a "khuntha" which is a child born with both male and female sex organs (hermaphrodite)].  The Prophet further said, "If Prophet Solomon had said it ( i.e. 'If Allah will') he would have begotten children who would have fought in Allah cause."  Shuaib and Ibn Abi Az-Zinad said, "Ninety (women) is more correct (than seventy)."  [Bukhari 4:635, Narrated Abu Haraira]  
bulletThe Prophet (saaws) said: Do not say:  What Allah wills and so and so wills but say "What Allah wills:, and then separately "What so and so wills".  [Tirmidhi, Narrated Hudhayfah, Transmitted by Abu Dawud.]
bulletThe best among the said:  "Did I not tell you : why do you not say:  Insha'Allah (If Allah will)." [The Noble Qur'an Al-Qalam 68:28]

Subhana wa ta'ala - this means "Allah is exalted above weakness and indignity."  sometimes abbreviated as "swt".  After saying "Allah" or "Allah's", etc. the Muslim should give praises Allah (swt) with this phrase or one of many other phrases giving praise to Allah.

Salla 'Llahu 'alayhi wa sallam -  This means "May Allah's peace and blessings be upon him and it should be said after referring to Muhammad or other prophets.  Sometimes abbreviated at "s.a.a.w.s." or "saaws"

'Alayh is'Salam - This means "Peace be upon him" and it should be said after referring to prophets and angels.  sometimes abbreviated as "PBUH"

Radiya 'Llahu 'anhu - This means "May Allah be pleased with him: and should be said after referring to a male companion.   

Radiya 'Llahu 'anha - This means "May Allah be pleased with her: and should be said after referring to a female companion.

Radiya 'Llahu 'anhuma - This means  "May Allah be pleased with them" and should be said after referring to two companions.

Radiya 'Llahu 'anhum - This means "May Allah be pleased with them" and should be said after referring to more than two companions.   

Rahimahu 'Llah - This means "May Allah have mercy on him" and should be said after referring to a past scholar or righteous Muslim.

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